1. LEFT OUTER JOIN:左外关联

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e

LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d

ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

等价于

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e, departments d

WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id(+);

结果为:所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有对应部门编号department_id的员工记录。

2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN:右外关联

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e

RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d

ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

等价于

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e, departments d

WHERE e.department_id(+)=d.department_id;

结果为:所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有任何员工的部门记录。

3. FULL OUTER JOIN:全外关联

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e

FULL OUTER JOIN departments d

ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

结果为:所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有对应部门编号department_id的员工记录和没有任何员工的部门记录。