多重装饰器，即多个装饰器修饰同一个对象【实际上并非完全如此，且看下文详解】
1.装饰器无参数：
复制代码 代码如下:
>>> def first(func):
print '%s() was post to first()'%func.func_name
def _first(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s() in _first().'%func.func_name
return func(*args,**kw)
return _first
>>> def second(func):
print '%s() was post to second()'%func.func_name
def _second(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s() in _second().'%func.func_name
return func(*args,**kw)
return _second
>>> @first
@second
def test():return 'hello world'
test() was post to second()
_second() was post to first()
>>> test()
Call the function _second() in _first().
Call the function test() in _second().
'hello world'
>>>
实际上它是相当于下面的代码：
复制代码 代码如下:
>>> def test():
return 'hello world'
>>> test=second(test)
test() was post to second()
>>> test
<function _second at 0x000000000316D3C8>
>>> test=first(test)
_second() was post to first()
>>> test
<function _first at 0x000000000316D358>
>>> test()
Call the function _second() in _first().
Call the function test() in _second().
'hello world'
>>>
2.装饰器有参数：
复制代码 代码如下:
>>> def first(printResult=False):
def _first(func):
print '%s() was post to _first()'%func.func_name
def __first(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s() in __first().'%
func.func_name
if printResult:
print func(*args,**kw),'#print in __first().'
else:
return func(*args,**kw)
return __first
return _first
>>> def second(printResult=False):
def _second(func):
print '%s() was post to _second()'%func.func_name
def __second(*args,**kw):
print 'Call the function %s() in __second().'%
func.func_name
if printResult:
print func(*args,**kw),'#print in __second().'
else:
return func(*args,**kw)
return __second
return _second
>>> @first(True)
@second(True)
def test():
return 'hello world'
test() was post to _second()
__second() was post to _first()
>>> test()
Call the function __second() in __first().
Call the function test() in __second().
hello world #print in __second().
None #print in __first().
>>>
如上，第35行输出后调用__second()，而__second()中又调用了test()并print test()，而后返回__first()中继续执行print，而这个print语句print的内容是__second()返回的None
它等同于：
复制代码 代码如下:
>>> def test():
return 'hello world'
>>> test=second(True)(test)
test() was post to _second()
>>>
>>> test
<function __second at 0x000000000316D2E8>
>>> test=first(True)(test)
__second() was post to _first()
>>> test
<function __first at 0x0000000003344C18>
>>>
3.多重装饰器的应用：
比如你是项目经理，你要求每一个代码块都必须有参数检查ArgsType和责任检查ResponsibilityRegister，这样就需要两个装饰器对此代码块进行监督。
复制代码 代码如下:
#coding=utf-8
import os,sys,re
from collections import OrderedDict
def ArgsType(*argTypes,**kwTypes):
u'''ArgsType(*argTypes,**kwTypes)
options=[('opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue',False)]
以下为本函数相关的开关，并非类型检验相关的关键字参数，所有options:
opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue=>bool:False,为True时，将对没有指定类型的带默
认值的参数使用其默认值的类型
'''
def _ArgsType(func):
#确定所有的parameter name
argNames=func.func_code.co_varnames[:func.func_code.co_argcount]
#确定所有的default parameter
defaults=func.func_defaults
if defaults:
defaults=dict(zip(argNames[-len(defaults):],defaults))
else:defaults=None
#将“参数类型关键字参数”中的所有“options关键字参数”提出
options=dict()
for option,default in [('opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue',False)]:
options[option]=kwTypes.pop(option,default)
#argTypes和kwTypes的总长度应该与argNames一致
if len(argTypes)+len(kwTypes)>len(argNames):
raise Exception('Too much types to check %s().'%func.func_name)
#所有kwTypes中的键不能覆盖在argTypes中已经占用的names
if not set(argNames[len(argTypes):]).issuperset(
set(kwTypes.keys())):
raise Exception('There is some key in kwTypes '+
'which is not in argNames.')
#确定所有的参数应该有的types
types=OrderedDict()
for name in argNames:types[name]=None
if len(argTypes):
for i in range(len(argTypes)):
name=argNames[i]
types[name]=argTypes[i]
else:
for name,t in kwTypes.items():
types[name]=t
if len(kwTypes):
for name,t in kwTypes.items():
types[name]=t
#关于default parameter的type
if options['opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue']:
for k,v in defaults.items():
#如果default parameter的type没有另外指定，那么就使用
#default parameter的default value的type
if types[k]==None:
types[k]=type(v)
def __ArgsType(*args,**kw):
#order the args
Args=OrderedDict()
#init keys
for name in argNames:Args[name]=None
#init default values
if defaults is not None:
for k,v in defaults.items():
Args[k]=v
#fill in all args
for i in range(len(args)):
Args[argNames[i]]=args[i]
#fill in all keyword args
for k,v in kw.items():
Args[k]=v
#check if there is some None in the values
if defaults==None:
for k in Args:
if Args[k]==None:
if defaults==None:
raise Exception(('%s() needs %r parameter, '+
'which was not given')%(func.func_name,k))
else:
if not defaults.has_key(k):
raise Exception(('Parameter %r of %s() is'+
' not a default parameter')%
(k,func.func_name))
#check all types
for k in Args:
if not isinstance(Args[k],types[k]):
raise TypeError(('Parameter %r of %s() must be '+
'a %r object, but you post: %r')%
(k,func.func_name,types[k],Args[k]))
return func(*args,**kw)
return __ArgsType
return _ArgsType
def ResponsibilityRegister(author):
def _ResponsibilityRegister(func):
def __ResponsibilityRegister(*args,**kw):
try:
return func(*args,**kw)
except Exception as e:
print ("Something is wrong, It's %s's responsibility."%
author).center(80,'*')
raise e
return __ResponsibilityRegister
return _ResponsibilityRegister
@ResponsibilityRegister('Kate')
@ArgsType(str,int)
def left(Str,Len=1):
return Str[:Len]
print 'Good calling:'
print left('hello world',8)
print 'Bad calling:'
print left(3,7)
这里没有文档，所以调用者不知道，使用了错误的调用，导致出错，这是Kate的责任。
像上面这种，对代码有两种互不相干的检验时，就可以使用多重装饰器。